Afterward vs Afterwards: Is There any Difference?

In the intricate tapestry of English grammar, few word pairs spark as much confusion as “afterward” and “afterwards.” These adverbs and their meanings play a crucial role in describing when one event follows another, yet their usage often leaves writers scratching their heads. This comprehensive guide will delve into the nuances of these terms, exploring their origins, usage patterns, and the ongoing debate surrounding their interchangeability. Whether you’re a seasoned wordsmith or a curious language learner, this article aims to provide clear and concise insights into the “afterward vs afterwards” conundrum, enhancing your writing in English and helping you navigate the complexities of language rules.

The Root of the Confusion

The similarity between “afterward vs afterwards” is the primary source of confusion between terms. Both words serve as adverbs, indicating that something happens after a specific event or time. This shared meaning often leads to uncertainty about which form to use in various contexts, especially when considering regional preferences and dialect differences.

Factors Contributing to the Confusion:

1. Spelling similarity: The difference of a single letter makes it easy to mistake one for the other, particularly for those learning English or quickly proofreading their work.
2. Identical pronunciation: In spoken English, the two words sound exactly the same, which can lead to confusion when transitioning from speech to writing.
3. Inconsistent usage: Even native speakers often use them interchangeably, blurring the lines between correct and colloquial usage.
4. Regional variations: Preferences differ between American English and British English, with each favoring a different form.
5. Evolving language norms: As English continues to evolve globally, the distinction between these terms becomes less rigid in some contexts.

This confusion is further compounded by inconsistent recommendations from style guides and grammar authorities. As we delve deeper into this topic, we’ll explore how these factors play out in real-world writing in English and how they affect text structure and overall composition.

Diving into Definitions

To truly understand the “afterward vs afterwards” debate, we must first examine their definitions and usage in context. This exploration will help clarify their roles as parts of speech and modifiers within sentences.

Afterward

“Afterward” is an adverb meaning “at a later or succeeding time” or “subsequently.” It’s typically used to describe an action or event that occurs after another, helping to establish a chronological order or timeline in writing.

Example: We had dinner, and afterward, we went for a walk in the park.

In this sentence, “afterward” clearly indicates that the walk followed the dinner, establishing a sequence of events.

Afterwards

“Afterwards” carries the same meaning as “afterward” – “at a later time” or “subsequently.” It’s used in the same way to indicate that something happens following a previous event or time, contributing to the temporal relation between actions or events.

Example: The concert ended at 10 PM, and afterwards, the crowd slowly dispersed.

Here, “afterwards” serves the same function as “afterward,” showing that the dispersal of the crowd occurred after the concert’s conclusion.

As we can see, both words effectively communicate the same idea of sequential events. The choice between them often comes down to regional preferences and personal style, rather than any significant difference in meaning or grammatical function.

A Tale of Two Englishes: American vs British Usage

One of the most significant factors in the “afterward vs afterwards” debate is the divide between American and British English usage. This split exemplifies broader cultural variations and geographic usage patterns in the English-speaking world.

American English Preference

In American English, “afterward” (without the ‘s’) is generally preferred. This aligns with the American tendency to favor shorter, more concise forms in spelling, a characteristic of US English that extends to many other words and phrases.

Examples of American usage:

• The game ended, and afterward, the team celebrated their victory.
• She finished her homework and went to bed afterward.
• Afterward, he realized he had forgotten his keys.

This preference for “afterward” in American English is part of a broader pattern of linguistic simplification that characterizes much of North American English.

British English Inclination

British English, on the other hand, tends to favour “afterwards” (with the ‘s’). This follows a broader pattern in British English of using the ‘-wards’ ending for certain adverbs, reflecting the historical development of the language in the British Isles.

Examples of British usage:

• After the film, we went to a café afterwards for a discussion.
• He apologized for his behavior and afterwards promised to do better.
• The lecturer paused, and afterwards, a lively debate ensued.

This preference for “afterwards” is consistent with other British spelling conventions and is widely used across Commonwealth English varieties.

Writing Tip: When choosing between “afterward vs afterwards,” consider your target audience. If writing primarily for an American readership, opt for “afterward.” For a British or international audience, “afterwards” may be more appropriate. Consistency is key, so stick to one form throughout your piece. Remember, clear communication is more important than rigid adherence to regional preferences, so focus on conveying your message effectively regardless of which form you choose.

The -ward vs -wards Pattern

This pattern extends to other similar words, as shown in the table below:

American English	British English
toward	towards
forward	forwards
backward	backwards
upward	upwards
downward	downwards

It’s important to note that while these preferences exist, they’re not absolute rules. You’ll find “afterwards” used in American English and “afterward” in British English, albeit less frequently. This flexibility is part of the rich tapestry of English varieties and demonstrates the language’s adaptability.

Style Guides and Grammar Authorities Weigh In

Various style guides and grammar authorities have their own recommendations regarding the use of “afterward vs afterwards.” These guidelines often shape writing style in different contexts, from journalism to academic writing.

AP Stylebook

The Associated Press Stylebook, widely used in journalism, recommends “afterward” without the ‘s’. This aligns with its general preference for concise language, which is particularly important in news writing where space is often at a premium.

Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual of Style, popular in academic and literary circles, accepts both forms but tends to prefer “afterward” in keeping with American usage. However, it acknowledges the British preference for “afterwards” and allows for flexibility based on the target audience.

Oxford English Dictionary

The Oxford English Dictionary recognizes both forms as standard, noting the regional preferences but not prescribing one over the other. This approach reflects the OED’s descriptive rather than prescriptive approach to language.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Merriam-Webster lists both “afterward vs afterwards” as standard variants, acknowledging their interchangeability in most contexts. This reflects the dictionary’s approach to capturing actual usage patterns in American English.

APA Style Guide

The American Psychological Association (APA) Style Guide, widely used in social sciences, doesn’t specifically address “afterward” vs “afterwards.” However, it generally follows American English conventions, implying a preference for “afterward.”

These varying recommendations highlight the lack of a universal rule, underscoring the importance of consistency within a piece of writing and adherence to specific style guides when applicable. They also demonstrate how grammatical structure can be influenced by regional and stylistic considerations.

Context is Key: When to Use Which

While regional preferences play a significant role, the choice between “afterward vs afterwards” can also depend on the context and type of writing. Understanding these contextual factors is crucial for effective audience engagement and communication strategy.

Formal Writing Considerations

In formal academic or professional writing, it’s crucial to consider your audience and adhere to any prescribed style guides. If writing for an American audience or publication, “afterward” is generally safer. For British or international audiences, “afterwards” might be more appropriate.

• Academic papers: Follow the style guide prescribed by your institution or publisher.
• Business reports: Consider the company’s location and primary audience.
• Legal documents: Consistency is key; choose one form and stick to it throughout.

Informal and Conversational Usage

In casual writing or speech, the choice is largely a matter of personal preference or regional habit. Native speakers often use them interchangeably without much thought.

• Blog posts: Feel free to use either, but maintain consistency within the post.
• Social media: Both forms are acceptable; use what feels natural to you.
• Personal correspondence: Your choice here can reflect your personal style or background.

Industry-Specific Preferences

Some industries or fields may have their own conventions. For instance, scientific journals might prefer the shorter “afterward” for conciseness, while literary works might opt for “afterwards” for stylistic reasons.

• Scientific writing: Often favors concise language, leaning towards “afterward.”
• Literary fiction: May use either form, often based on the author’s style or the story’s setting.
• Journalism: Often follows AP style, preferring “afterward” in American publications.

Global Considerations

In an increasingly interconnected world, writers often need to consider a global audience. In such cases, consistency and clarity are more important than strict adherence to regional norms.

• International business communication: Choose based on your primary audience, but be consistent.
• Global websites: Consider using both forms in different sections to cater to diverse readers.
• Multilingual publications: Be aware of how the choice might affect translations or localization efforts.

Examples in Action

To better understand how these words function in various contexts, let’s examine some examples. These illustrations will help clarify their usage in different types of sentence construction and linguistic structure.

“Afterward” in Sentences

1. The experiment concluded, and afterward, the scientists analyzed the data.
2. She finished her presentation and felt relieved afterward.
3. We discussed the issue at length and came to a decision afterward.
4. Afterward, he realized the implications of his actions.
5. The storm passed quickly; afterward, the sky was remarkably clear.

“Afterwards” in Sentences

1. The storm passed, and afterwards, the sky cleared beautifully.
2. He read the letter carefully and afterwards sat in thoughtful silence.
3. The ceremony ended, and afterwards, the guests mingled at the reception.
4. Afterwards, she wondered if she had made the right choice.
5. We enjoyed the meal, and afterwards, we took a stroll along the beach.

Side-by-Side Comparison

To illustrate their interchangeability, consider these paired examples:

• American: “We had lunch, and afterward, we went shopping.”
• British: “We had lunch, and afterwards, we went shopping.”
• American: “The meeting ended at noon, and everyone left afterward.”
• British: “The meeting ended at noon, and everyone left afterwards.”
• American: “Afterward, they realized the importance of the decision.”
• British: “Afterwards, they realised the importance of the decision.”

All these sentences are grammatically correct and convey the same meaning, differing only in regional preference and spelling conventions (note the spelling of “realized/realised” in the last pair).

Beyond “Afterward” and “Afterwards”: Alternatives and Synonyms

While “afterward vs afterwards” are common choices for indicating subsequent events, writers have a variety of alternatives at their disposal. These synonyms for afterward can add variety to your writing and sometimes offer more precise meanings, enhancing your lexical choices and overall writing style.

Common Synonyms

Synonym	Example Usage
Subsequently	He graduated and subsequently found a job in his field.
Later	We’ll discuss the details later.
Following	Following the announcement, there was a flurry of activity.
Thereafter	The policy was implemented, and thereafter, profits rose.
In due course	The issue will be addressed in due course.
Eventually	Eventually, the truth came to light.
Ultimately	Ultimately, the decision was made to proceed with the plan.

More Nuanced Alternatives

• In the wake of: Implies a direct consequence or follow-up. Example: In the wake of the scandal, several officials resigned.
• Ensuing: Suggests a logical or expected sequence of events. Example: The ensuing debate lasted for hours.
• Henceforth: Indicates a change from a specific point onward. Example: Henceforth, all meetings will be held virtually.
• In the aftermath: Often used for significant events with lasting consequences. Example: In the aftermath of the earthquake, the community came together to rebuild.
• Subsequently to: A more formal alternative, often used in academic or legal contexts. Example: Subsequently to the merger, the company expanded its operations globally.

When choosing between these alternatives, consider the specific nuance you want to convey and the overall tone of your writing. Some options may be more suitable for formal contexts, while others work better in casual communication. The choice of synonym can significantly impact the text structure and flow of your writing.

The Etymology Trail: Origins and Evolution

Understanding the origins of “afterward vs afterwards” provides valuable insight into their usage and evolution. This linguistic journey helps explain current language conventions and the development of English varieties.

Origins of “Afterward”

“Afterward” traces its roots to Old English “æfterweard,” combining “æfter” (after) and “-weard” (toward). This form evolved into Middle English “afterward” and has remained relatively stable since.

• Old English (pre-1100): æfterweard
• Middle English (1100-1500): afterward
• Modern English: afterward

The “-ward” suffix in Old English indicated direction or orientation, which explains the word’s meaning of “in a later direction” or “towards what comes after.”

Development of “Afterwards”

“Afterwards” emerged later, in Middle English, as a variant of “afterward” with the adverbial genitive “-es” suffix. This suffix was commonly added to form adverbs in Middle English, explaining the British preference for this form.

• Middle English (1100-1500): afterward + -es → afterwards
• Modern English: afterwards

The addition of the “-es” suffix to create adverbs was a common practice in Middle English, seen in words like “always” (all + ways) and “besides” (beside + -es).

Evolution Over Time

The usage of these terms has shifted over centuries:

• Old English (pre-1100): Only “æfterweard” existed.
• Middle English (1100-1500): Both forms emerged, with “afterwards” gaining popularity, especially in British usage.
• Early Modern English (1500-1800): Both forms coexisted with regional preferences developing. Shakespeare, for instance, used both forms in his works.
• Modern English (1800-present): Regional preferences solidified, with American English favoring “afterward” and British English preferring “afterwards.” This split became more pronounced with the standardization of spelling and the rise of distinct national literary traditions.

This historical perspective helps explain the current state of usage and the lack of a clear “correct” form. It also illustrates how language evolves over time, influenced by factors such as regional dialects, literary traditions, and standardization efforts.

Digital Age Considerations

In the modern digital landscape, the “afterward vs afterwards” debate takes on new dimensions. The rise of digital communication and global connectivity has influenced how these words are used and perceived.

Impact of Spell-Checkers and Autocorrect

Many digital writing tools default to one form or the other based on the selected language variety (US or UK English). This can inadvertently reinforce regional preferences or cause inconsistencies in writing.

• Pros: Helps maintain consistency within a document.
• Cons: May override the writer’s intended choice or regional preference.

Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Implications

From an SEO perspective, using both forms in online content can be beneficial. It allows content to be found regardless of which variant a user searches for. However, consistency within a single piece of content is still important for readability.

SEO Strategy:

1. Use the preferred form consistently in the main body of the text.
2. Include the alternate form in meta descriptions or tags.
3. Consider using both forms naturally in longer content pieces.

Social Media and Informal Digital Communication

In the realm of social media and casual online writing, the distinction between “afterward vs afterwards” often blurs. Users tend to choose based on personal preference or simply use them interchangeably.

• Twitter: Character limits might favor the shorter “afterward.”
• Blogs and longer posts: Writers may use either form, often influenced by their target audience.
• International forums: Both forms are commonly seen, reflecting the global nature of online communities.

Localization and Global Websites

For businesses and organizations with a global online presence, the choice between “afterward vs afterwards” becomes part of a broader localization strategy.

• US-focused sites: Typically use “afterward” consistently.
• UK and Commonwealth-focused sites: Generally prefer “afterwards.”
• Global sites: Might use both forms in different sections or opt for one based on their primary audience.

Digital Learning and ESL Resources

Online language learning platforms and ESL resources often need to address both forms, explaining the regional differences and usage contexts.

• Language learning apps: May teach both forms, explaining the regional preferences.
• Online dictionaries: Usually list both variants, often with usage notes explaining the differences.
• Grammar checkers: More sophisticated tools can be set to check for consistency with a chosen English variety.

Global English and the “Afterward vs Afterwards” Debate

As English continues to evolve as a global language, the usage of “afterward” and “afterwards” reflects broader trends in language conventions and cultural variations. This global perspective is crucial for understanding how English varieties develop and interact worldwide.

Usage in Other English-Speaking Countries

The choice between “afterward” and “afterwards” varies across different English-speaking nations, reflecting their historical and cultural ties:

• Canada: Tends to blend American and British usage, with both forms common. Canadian English often shows this hybrid nature, influenced by both British and American norms.
• Australia and New Zealand: Generally align with British usage, favoring “afterwards.” This preference reflects their historical ties to British English.
• India: Shows a preference for British forms, including “afterwards.” Indian English, while developing its own unique features, still retains many British English conventions.
• South Africa: Like other Commonwealth countries, tends to prefer “afterwards,” but both forms are used.
• Ireland: Predominantly uses “afterwards,” aligning with British English in this aspect.

Impact of Globalization

The internet and global media have led to increased exposure to different English varieties. This has somewhat blurred the lines between regional preferences, especially among younger generations.

• International business: Companies operating globally often adopt a style guide that specifies which form to use for consistency.
• Academic publishing: International journals may accept both forms, depending on the author’s variety of English.
• Entertainment media: Global streaming platforms expose viewers to various English dialects, including different usages of “afterward” and “afterwards.”

ESL/EFL Learners and the Challenge

For those learning English as a second or foreign language, the “afterward vs afterwards” distinction presents a unique challenge. ESL/EFL materials often teach one form or the other based on the target variety of English (American or British), but learners may encounter both in real-world usage.

Challenges for ESL/EFL learners:

1. Understanding the regional preferences
2. Choosing which form to use in their own writing
3. Recognizing both forms in various contexts
4. Adapting to different style requirements in academic or professional settings

Teaching strategies:

1. Introduce both forms early in the learning process
2. Explain the regional preferences and contexts
3. Encourage consistency in usage within a single piece of writing
4. Provide exposure to both American and British English texts

The Role of English as a Lingua Franca

As English serves as a global lingua franca, the distinction between “afterward” and “afterwards” becomes less critical in many international contexts. In English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) situations, the focus is more on effective communication than on adhering strictly to native-speaker norms.

Writing for Your Audience: Practical Advice

When it comes to choosing between “afterward” and “afterwards,” writing for your audience is paramount. This section provides practical tips for navigating this choice in various writing contexts, ensuring effective audience engagement and clear communication strategy.

Know Your Audience

Understanding your readers is crucial for making the right choice:

1. Geographic considerations: If writing for a specific country or region, use their preferred form.
2. Demographic factors: Younger, globally connected audiences might be more flexible, while older or more traditional audiences might expect adherence to regional norms.
3. Professional context: Some industries or academic fields may have established preferences.

Consistency is Key

Whichever form you choose, use it consistently throughout your writing:

1. Document-level consistency: Stick to one form within a single document or piece of writing.
2. Brand consistency: For businesses, choose one form and use it across all communications.
3. Publication consistency: If writing for a publication, follow their style guide.

Follow Style Guides

If writing for a publication or organization, adhere to their preferred style guide:

1. Academic writing: Follow the guidelines provided by your institution or publisher.
2. Journalism: Adhere to the associated press style for American publications or local style guides for other regions.
3. Business writing: Use your company’s style guide or choose based on your primary market.

Context Matters

The formality and purpose of your writing can influence your choice:

1. Formal writing: Be more conscious of regional preferences and style guide requirements.
2. Casual writing: Either form is generally acceptable; personal preference can play a larger role.
3. Creative writing: Choose based on the narrative voice or setting of your story.

When in Doubt, Choose Based on Your Primary Audience

If writing primarily for an American audience, use “afterward”; for a British or international audience, “afterwards” might be more appropriate.

Additional Tips for Effective Writing

1. Vary your transitions: Don’t rely solely on “afterward” or “afterwards.” Use synonyms and alternative phrases to add variety to your writing.
2. Consider the flow: Sometimes, one form might sound more natural in a particular sentence. Trust your ear and read your writing aloud.
3. Be aware of other regional differences: The choice between “afterward” and “afterwards” often coincides with other spelling and vocabulary differences between American and British English. Be consistent in your overall approach.
4. Explain if necessary: In educational or international contexts, you might briefly explain the difference if it’s relevant to your content.
5. Use context clues: The surrounding text can often indicate which form is more appropriate. For example, if you’re using American spellings throughout, “afterward” would be the consistent choice.

Remember, effective communication is about clarity and connection with your readers. The choice between “afterward” and “afterwards” should serve this goal rather than hinder it. By considering your audience, maintaining consistency, and focusing on clear communication, you can navigate this linguistic choice with confidence.

Conclusion: The Future of “Afterward” and “Afterwards”

As we’ve explored in this comprehensive analysis, the distinction between “afterward” and “afterwards” is largely one of regional preference rather than grammatical correctness. Both forms are widely accepted and understood, with usage patterns primarily divided along American and British English lines. This exploration has touched on various aspects of English grammar, writing style, and language conventions, providing a thorough understanding of these time-related adverbs.

Looking to the future, it’s likely that both forms will continue to coexist. The increasing globalization of English may lead to more interchangeable use, particularly in informal contexts and digital communication. However, in formal writing, adherence to regional preferences and style guides will likely persist, maintaining the distinction in professional and academic spheres.

Several factors will shape the future usage of “afterward” and “afterwards”:

1. Digital influence: As global digital communication continues to grow, we may see a blending of usage patterns, potentially leading to greater acceptance of both forms across regions.
2. Educational practices: How these forms are taught in schools and language courses will influence future generations of English speakers and writers.
3. Evolving style guides: Changes in major style guides could shift preferences in professional and academic writing.
4. Global English: The continued spread of English as a global language may lead to new norms that transcend traditional regional boundaries.
5. Linguistic simplification: There’s a general trend in language evolution towards simplification, which could potentially favor the shorter “afterward” in the long term.

Ultimately, the key to navigating the “afterward vs afterwards” dilemma lies in understanding your audience, maintaining consistency, and focusing on clear communication. Whether you choose “afterward” or “afterwards,” what matters most is that your message is conveyed effectively and engagingly to your readers.

By embracing the nuances of these time-related adverbs, writers can add precision and style to their work, enriching the tapestry of the English language in all its diverse forms. As language continues to evolve, staying informed about such subtle distinctions will remain an important aspect of mastering English writing and communication.

In conclusion, while the debate between “afterward” and “afterwards” may seem minor, it reflects broader patterns in language variation and change. It serves as a reminder of the rich diversity within the English language and the importance of contextual awareness in effective communication. As writers and speakers of English, embracing this diversity while striving for clarity and consistency will ensure our language remains a vibrant and adaptable tool for expression in an ever-changing world.